Geography

Geography, the study of the diverse environments, places, and spaces of Earth ’s surface and their interactions. It seeks to answer the questions of why things are as they are, where they are.

The history of geography is the history of thinking about the concepts of environments, places, and spaces. The term geography was first used as the title of Eratosthenes of Cyrene’s book Geographic in the 3rd century BCE. Greek philosopher and world traveler Herodotus also contributed to the development of geography in the 5th century BCE by building up stores of knowledge about new and exotic places.

Eratosthenes of Cyrene is known as father of geography

Time Calculation

Objectives: Examine the significance of latitudes and longitudes to locate and find the time of

places.

24 hours = 360 o longitude

1 hour = 360 o ÷24 =15 o

60 minutes = 15 o (or)

60 ÷15 = 4 minutes

1. Therefore, 1 o = 4 minutes

Important notes to remember.

1. Time at any place can be calculated if its longitude and the GMT are provided.

2. All places on the same meridian have the same time.

3. Time in places in the East is ahead/ more than that of places in the West.

4. Time in places in the West is behind/less than that of places in the East.

5. 1 o of longitude makes a difference of 4 minutes.

6. When you travel east, add 4 minutes for every one degree of longitude.

(Rule: East Gain or Add)

When you travel East, add 4 minutes for every one degree of longitude

(Rule: West loss or subtract)

When you travel West, subtract 4 minutes for every one degree of longitude

If the given longitude is in the same direction, it should be subtracted.

(East and East: Subtract)

(West and West: Subtract)

(West and East: Add)

If the given longitude is in a different direction or hemisphere, it should be added.

(East and West: Add)

Smaller longitudinal values will be subtracted from bigger values.

Procedure to calculate the time

1. Find the difference in longitude or numbers of longitude.

2. 1 o = 4 Minutes (fact)

3. Convert degree into minutes.

4. Convert minutes into hours.

5. Addition of time.

6. Subtraction of time.

“Today, I will learn about soil in this Geography class.”

😊

Soil

The thin layer of grainy substance covering the surface of the earth is called soil. It is closely linked to land. Landforms determine the type of soil. Soil is made up of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks found on the earth.